5.5.4: Official Definition
5.X.X
[RFC3463] (Standards Track) from the The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) definition for codes that start with 5.X.X:
A permanent failure is one which is not likely to be resolved by resending the message in the current form. Some change to the message or the destination must be made for successful delivery.
X.X.X
[RFC3463] (Standards Track) from the The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) definition for codes that end with X.X.X:
A valid mail transaction protocol command was issued with invalid arguments, either because the arguments were out of range or represented unrecognized features. This is useful only as a permanent error.